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1) What
is a requirement gathering?
ý Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting
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2) Whatis
a fact finding technique?
ý To study any system the
analyst needs to do collect facts and all relevant information. the facts when
expressed in quantitative form are termed as data. The success of any project
is depended upon the accuracy of available data. Accurate information can be
collected with help of certain methods/ techniques. These specific methods for
finding information of the system are termed as fact finding techniques.
Interview, Questionnaire, Record View and Observations are the different fact
finding techniques used by the analyst. The analyst may use more than one
technique for investigation.
Interview
Ø This method is used to
collect the information from groups or individuals. Analyst selects the people
who are related with the system for the interview. In this method the analyst
sits face to face with the people and records their responses. The interviewer
must plan in advance the type of questions he/ she is going to ask and should
be ready to answer any type of question. He should also choose a suitable place
and time which will be comfortable for the respondent.
Questionnaire
Ø It is the technique used
to extract information from number of people. This method can be adopted and
used only by an skillful analyst. The Questionnaire consists of series of
questions framed together in logical manner. The questions are simple, clear
and to the point. This method is very useful for attaining information from
people who are concerned with the usage of the system and who are living in
different countries. The questionnaire can be mailed or send to people by post.
This is the cheapest source of fact finding.
Record View
Ø The information related
to the system is published in the sources like newspapers, magazines, journals,
documents etc. This record review helps the analyst to get valuable information
about the system and the organization.
Observation
Ø Unlike the other fact
finding techniques, in this method the analyst himself visits the organization and
observes and understand the flow of documents, working of the existing system,
the users of the system etc. For this method to be adopted it takes an analyst
to perform this job as he knows which points should be noticed and highlighted.
In analyst may observe the unwanted things as well and simply cause delay in
the development of the new system.
3)
Describes fact finding
technique? And write advantage, disadvantage
v Interview
Advantages of the
interview method
1. Very good technique for getting the information about the complex,
emotionally laden subjects.
2. Can be easily adapted to the ability of the person being
interviewed.
3. Yields a good percentage of returns.
4. Yields perfect sample of the general population.
5. Data collected by this method is likely to be more correct
compared to the other methods that are used for the data collection.
Disadvantages of the
interview method
1. Time consuming process.
2. Involves high cost.
3.Requires highly skilled interviewer.
4. Requires more energy.
5. May sometimes involve systematic errors.
6. More confusing and a very complicated method.
v Questionnaire
The
advantages of questionnaires
1. Large
amounts of information can be collected from a large number of people in a
short period of time and in a relatively cost effective way.
2. Can
be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people with limited affect
to its validity and reliability.
3. The
results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily quantified by
either a researcher or through the use of a software package.
4. Can
be analyzed more 'scientifically' and objectively than other forms of research.
5. When
data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast other research
and may be used to measure change.
The
disadvantages of questionnaires
1. Is
argued to be inadequate to understand some forms of information - i.e. changes
of emotions, behavior, feelings etc.
2. Phenomenologists
state that quantitative research is simply an artificial creation by the
researcher, as it is asking only a limited amount of information without
explanation
Lacks validity
3. There
is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being
4. There
is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has put inThe respondent may
be forgetful or not thinking within the full context of the situationPeople may
read differently into each question and therefore reply based on their own
interpretation of the question - i.e.
5. what
is 'good' to someone may be 'poor' to someone else, therefore there is a level
of subjectivity that is not acknowledgedThere is a level of researcher
imposition, meaning that when developing the questionnaire, the researcher is
making their own decisions andassumptions as to what is and is not
important...therefore they may be missing something that is of importance
v Record View
Advantages
provide accurate records of the agency’s contact
with the client and aid in continuity of case management between co-workers
aid/jog memory as over time it can be difficult to
recall the specifics of each case
lend credibility - particularly if one is called to
give evidence of a particular fact or matter may add credence to a claim by a
client - especially about sexual abuse or domestic violence incidents protect
the worker and the agency, particularly from later claims of negligence.
Disadvantages
non-privileged records may be used against the
client (e.g. in court cases)
if it exists, file notes may disclose negligence on
the part of the worker
clients may be loathe to seek assistance if they
know that an agency maintains records which they fear may later be used against
them or which they fear somehow may end up in the hands of a violent spouse or
government agency.
v Site observations
Advantages of Observation
1. Very direct
method for collecting data or information – best for the study of human
behavior.
2. Data collected
is very accurate in nature and also very reliable.
3. Improves
precision of the research results.
4. Problem of
depending on respondents is decreased.
5. Helps in
understanding the verbal response more efficiently.
6. By using good
and modern gadgets – observations can be made continuously and also for a larger
duration of time period.
Disadvantages of
Observation
1. Problems of the
past cannot be studied by means of observation.
2. Having no other
option one has to depend on the documents available.
3. Observations like the controlled observations require some
especial instruments or tools for effective working, which are very much
costly.
4. One cannot study
opinions by this means.
5. Attitudes cannot
be studied with the help of observations.
6. Sampling cannot
be brought into use.
v Sampling of Existing documents
Advantages
1. Access to inaccessible subjects: One of the basic advantages of content analysis is that it allows
research on subjects to which the researcher does not have physical access. These could be people of
old civilizations, say their marriage patterns. These could also be the documents form the archives,
speeches of the past leaders (Quaid-e-Azam) who are not alive, the suicide notes, old films, dramas,
2.
Non-reactivity: Document study shares with certain types of observations
or non participant observation through one-way mirror) the advantage of little or no reactivity,
particularly when the document was written for some other purpose. This is unobtrusive. Even the
creator
of that document, and for that matter the characters in the document, is not in contact with the
researcher, who may not be alive.
3. Can do
longitudinal analysis: Like observation and unlike experiments and survey, document
study is especially well suited to study over a long period of time. Many times the objective of the
research could be to determine a trend. One could pick up different periods in past and try to make
comparisons and figure out the changes (in the status of women) that may have occurred over time.
4. Use Sampling: The researcher can use random sampling. One could decide on the population,
develop sampling frame and draw sample random sample by following the appropriate procedure. For
example how women are portrayed in weekly English news magazines. One could pick up weekly
English news magazines, make a listing of articles that have appeared in the magazines (sampling
frame), and draw a simple random sample.
5. Can use large sample size: Larger the sample closer the results to the population. In
experimentation as well as in survey research there could be limitations due to the availability of the
subjects or of the resources but in document analysis the researcher could increase the sample and can
have
more confidence in generalization.
Disadvantages
1. Coding difficulties: For a number of reasons,
including differences in purpose for which thedocuments were written,
differences in content or subject matter, lack of standardization,
anddifferences in length and format, coding is one of the most difficult tasks
facing the content analyst.Documents are generally written arrangements, rather
than numbers are quite difficult to quantify. Thusanalysis of documents is
similar to analysis of open-ended survey questions.
2. Selective survival: Since documents are usually written on paper, they do not withstand the elementswell unless care is taken to preserve them.Thus while documents written by famous people are likelyto be preserved, day-to-day documents such as letters and diaries written by common people tend eitherto be destroyed or
to be placed in storage and thus become inaccessible.
3. Incompleteness: Many documents provide incomplete account to the researcher who has had no
prior experience with or knowledge of the events or behavior discussed. A problem with many personal
documents such as letters and diaries is that they were not written for research purposes but were
designed to be private or even secret. Both these kinds of documents often assume specific knowledge
that researcher unfamiliar with certain events will not possess.
4. Lack of availability of documents: In addition to thee bias, incompleteness, and
selective survival of
documents, there are many areas of study for which no documents are available. In many cases
information simply was never recorded. In other cases it was recorded, but the documents remain secret
or classified, or have been destroyed.
5. Sampling bias: One of the problems of bias occurs because persons of lower educational or income
levels are less likely to be represented in the sampling frames. The problem of sampling bias by
educational level is more acute for document study than for survey research. It is a safe generalization
that a poorly educated people are much less likely than well educated people to write documents.
ý
Requirements
gathering techniques provide project team members with a choice of methods for
eliciting needs or requirements from stakeholders and for validating
requirements with stakeholders. Certain
techniques are appropriate in gathering stakeholder needs, while other
techniques are most helpful in defining high-level and detailed requirements,
or validating detailed requirements with the stakeholders
Fact-finding is the job of a person or group of persons in a judicial or
administrative proceeding that has or has the responsibility of determining the
facts relevant to decide a controversy. The term trier of fact generally denotes the same function. The process is an extremely important part of the
communication process.
5)
What
is FEASIBILITY analysis?
ý A
feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of the
proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to
support the process of decision making.
6)
What is Brainstorming?
ý
hold a group discussion to produce ideas.
ý Brainstorming is
the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate new ideas
around a specific area of interest. Using rules which remove inhibitions,
people are able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so
create numerous new ideas and solutions. The participants shout out ideas as
they occur to them and then build on the ideas raised by others. All the ideas
are noted down and are not criticized. Only when the brainstorming session is
over are the ideas evaluated.
7) What areFact-Finding
Strategy?
ý The
first step in the strategic planning process is gathering in all of the
relevant facts and information. Don’t
panic, this is not a questionnaire you need to fill out, but it is a sample
of what you will be asked so please take the time to read through it to
identify any areas that you might need some preparation (fact
finding, statistics, documents, phone calls or emails) for before answering the
questions reasonably accurately. Don’t
worry unduly about not having any data or answers in a particular area, few
people know have of this stuff, we’re
just trying to learn as much as possible about your organization in as little
time as possible and yes, it is all relevant and of
course it will never be shared with anyone else.
8)
Requirements Management?
ý Requirements management is the process of documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and
agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to
relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A
requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service)
should conform.
9) How
to Developing a Questionnaire?
ý Wouldn’t it be great to
know exactly what your clients want and need from you? If you are like most
Pilates studio owners, you probably can’t invest a lot of money in complex
statistical computer models or market research to gather data about your
clientele. However, you should still collect this information on your own. For
gathering data about your customers and their programming needs, there are many
vehicles, including focus groups, experimental research or questionnaires.
ý This article focuses on
how to develop a questionnaire or survey. This simple tool can help you learn
more about your clients’ needs, preferences, satisfaction levels and knowledge
of your services. The responses will reflect the ever-changing feelings and
needs of people who are constantly influenced by many subjective factors.
Therefore, it is important to gather facts in an organized manner with specific
goals in mind.
ý Understanding what your
customers need will help you create offerings that are both attractive and
valued. Conducting surveys will reduce programming missteps based on poor
assumptions; most likely, you will also discover new opportunities.
Designing Questionnaires
1.
Include
clear instructions for answering all questions.
2.
Use
brief, simple questions.
3.
Begin
with general questions, and then move toward more specific questions.
4.
Check
the questions for “ease of reading,” and correct any grammatical errors.
5.
Have
a friend read the entire questionnaire to double-check for errors and
readability.
10) List
out Types of Interviews.
ý
Whether
you are preparing to interview for a summer job, graduate school, or a
full-time position after graduation, you will likely experience a variety of
interview styles and formats.
Depending on what you are applying for you may have just one interview or experience
multiple interviews during the interview process. If your interview process is made up of more than one
interview, you will almost certainly be exposed to multiple interview types,
formats, and questions.
interview Types
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