A management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that provides the information necessary to manage an organization effectively. An MIS should be designed to enhance communication among employees, provide an objective system for recording information and support the organization's strategic goals and direction.
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Transaction-processing systems are designed to handle a
large volume of routine, recurring transactions. They were first
introduced in the 1960s with the advent of mainframe computers.
Transaction-processing systems are used widely today. Banks use them to
record deposits and payments into accounts. Supermarkets use them to
record sales and track inventory. Managers often use these systems to
deal with such tasks as payroll, customer billing and payments to
suppliers.
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Operations information systems were introduced after
transaction-processing systems. An operations information system gathers
comprehensive data, organizes it and summarizes it in a form that is
useful for managers. These types of systems access data from a
transaction-processing system and organize it into a usable form.
Managers use operations information systems to obtain sales, inventory,
accounting and other performance-related information.
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A DSS is an interactive computer system that can be used by
managers without help from computer specialists. A DSS provides managers
with the necessary information to make informed decisions. A DSS has
three fundamental components:
database management system (DBMS), which stores large amounts of data
relevant to problems the DSS has been designed to tackle; model-based
management system (MBMS), which transforms data from the DBMS into
information that is useful in decision-making; and dialog generation and
management system (DGMS), which provides a user-friendly interface
between the system and the managers who do not have extensive computer
training.
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Expert systems and artificial intelligence use human
knowledge captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily need
human expertise. Mimicking human expertise and intelligence requires the
computer to do the following: recognize, formulate and solve a problem;
explain solutions; and learn from experience. These systems explain the
logic of their advice to the user; hence, in addition to solving
problems they also can serve as a teacher. They use flexible thinking
processes and can accommodate new knowledge.
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